Both types of brakes are typically used for torque and tension control. The basic characteristics of magnetic particle and hysteresis brakes are very similar; torque is proportional to input current and independent of speed. The torque characteristics of both brakes exhibit hysteresis, which means the torque vs input current graph has two lines; one for increasing input current from zero, and another for decreasing input current from 100%. Torque can be anywhere between these two lines if the current changes from increasing to decreasing (or vice versa) when not at 0 or 100% input current.
The best choice for you depends on the details of your application and often either type will work fine. However, in some cases, one type is better and sometimes one type will not work at all.
Applications for Magnetic Particle Brakes
If the application would make a hysteresis brake cog, consider using a magnetic particle brake.
Cogging in the case of brakes can be defined as pulsing output torque. The brake tries to lock into preferred positions (about 12 to 25 positions per revolution) depending on the number of primary poles. Magnetic particle brakes do not cog.
7 Applications That Cause Hysteresis Brakes to Cog
Stop / Start
Brakes can be energized to stop a system, then de-energized to allow motion to start. The de-energizing would initiate a hysteresis brake to cog. If the input current to a hysteresis brake is held constant, and a motor or other device rotates and then dwells then rotates again, the brake would not cog.
Incorrect Changes in Input Current
While setting up for a tensioning application, if the operator even momentarily adjusts the brake’s input current substantially higher than needed, and then lowers the current to near zero current with the brake shaft stationary or rotating very slowly, the hysteresis brake will cog.
Moderate Speed Applications
These applications match the torque and heat dissipation characteristics of magnetic particle brakes. Magnetic particle brakes would be more cost-effective, and physically smaller than hysteresis brakes. Slip speed from about 30 to several hundred RPM is ideal. Higher slip RPM is acceptable, with a limited duty cycle. A slower speed might work if perfectly smooth slip torque is not required. A torsionally rigid system with high inertia would mask any slight stick-slip of the particle brake at very low RPM. Typical examples; are testing gear motors & mechanisms or moderate speed tension control for winding/unwinding.
Quick Acceleration and Deceleration
High acceleration and deceleration are needed to reduce cycle time in motion control applications. Magnetic particle brakes have faster response time and significantly lower inertia, which allows shorter stops & starts. Typical examples; are tension control of the wire in a coil winding machine, or any machine with rapid indexing movement (incremental stop & start) of a web. With a hysteresis brake, the flywheel effect of the brake rotor might stretch or snap the web when accelerating. During deceleration/stopping, the high inertia hysteresis brake might coast excessively which could cause slack in the web.
Holding / Positioning
A magnetic particle brake is the better choice for precise holding or positioning as this would also cause a hysteresis brake to cog. A magnetic particle brake will not have any shaft movement unless the applied torque exceeds the braking torque set by the input current. A hysteresis brake can hold a shaft in position, but the amount of holding torque is lower than the sliding torque. Braking torque will ramp up as the shaft is forced to turn in either direction, reaching the sliding torque amount of about 10°. The shaft would spring back about 10° when the external torque is removed. For non-precision holding, these limitations would probably not be a problem.
Stepper Motor Testing
A brake with low inertia is best for the testing acceleration of stepper motors. A stepper motor might not be able to start moving with a very large inertial load. Use a magnetic particle brake because hysteresis brakes have about 20 times higher inertia compared to a magnetic particle brake of similarly rated torque.
If the Required Torque is Higher than Available Hysteresis Brakes
Use a magnetic particle brake if torque requirements are higher than available hysteresis brakes. For the long term, high-duty cycle applications run it at the lower half of its torque range for extended life. If the brake is sized by heat dissipation requirements, the brake might have too much torque. Under this condition, add a gearbox to better match the torque needed to the very large magnetic particle brake.
Top 5 Applications for Hysteresis Brakes
- Applications Requiring Very Precise Torque and Tension Control
Hysteresis brakes are more precise, repeatable, and have much better torque stability throughout their life than magnetic particle brakes. - Applications that Would Cause a Magnetic Brake to Chatter
Chatter or slip-stick is a lack of smoothness that occurs when magnetic particle brakes rotate too slowly while energized. - High Speed / Low Torque
These conditions match the torque and heat dissipation characteristics of a hysteresis brake. A magnetic particle brake sized to dissipate the high heat would have too much torque, which would reduce accuracy. Typical examples: testing induction motors & mechanisms or high-speed web tensioning. If the duty cycle is very short a magnetic particle brake might still be a good candidate. - Very Low RPM
Magnetic particle brakes have some slip-stick at very low RPM. Below approximately 15 RPM, use a hysteresis brake if smooth slip is important. A magnetic particle brake might still not slip smoothly enough at or below 30 RPM if the web being tensioned is very elastic, or the web path allows drooping as tension changes. - Very Long Term, 24/7 Usage
Continuous slipping, especially at higher speeds and torque would wear a magnetic particle brake
prematurely. Wear causes torque to decrease, and stick-slip to increase. Since hysteresis brakes produce torque without physical contact, slip torque stays smooth. No wear occurs so the brake can reliably run at full rated torque, and at full heat dissipation limits, for almost unlimited time.
Works Cited: Placid Industries